Table 2 Inflammatory and non-inflammatory causes of pericardial effusion

Inflammatory

Infectious:

Viral: enteroviruses (coxsackie B), adenovirus, herpesviruses (EBV, CMV, VZV), parvovirus B19, HIV, HCV, COVID-19

Bacterial: gram-positive cocci (Streptococcus, Staphylococcus), Mycoplasma, Neisseria (meningitides, gonorrhea), Coxiella burnetii

Mycobacteria (tuberculosis, avium-intracellular)

Fungal: Histoplasma species, Candida species

Protozoal: Echinococcus species, Toxoplasma species

Post-cardiac injury syndromes (PCIS):

Post-pericardiotomy

Post-myocardial infarction

Post-electrophysiology interventions

Post-coronary interventions

Post-percutaneous structural interventions (Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement, Mitra Clip, etc.)

Autoimmune:

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)

Sjogren Syndrome

Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)

Scleroderma

Eosinophilic Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis (EGPA) (Churg–Straus syndrome)

Familial Mediterranean Fever (FMF)

Uremic pericarditis

Drug hypersensitivity

Non-Inflammatory

Neoplastic:

Primary tumors (rare, especially pericardial mesothelioma)

Secondary metastatic tumors (lung, breast, cancer, lymphomas, and melanoma)

Metabolic:

Hypothyroidism (myxedema coma)

Severe protein deficiency

Traumatic:

Iatrogenic

Direct/indirect pericardial injury (penetrating or blunt chest wall injury, aortic dissection)

Hemodynamic (Reduced Lymphatic Absorption):

Congestive Heart Failure

Cirrhosis

Nephrotic Syndrome