Table 2 Comparison of characteristics between TAO and systemic vasculitis
| Â | TAO | Systemic vasculitis | IgG4-related disease | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Large vessel vasculitis | Medium vessel vasculitis | Small vessel vasculitis | Various vessel vasculitis | ||||||
Takayasu’s arteritis | Giant cell arteritis | Kawasaki Disease | Polyarteritis nodosa | GPA | EGPA | Bechet’s Disease | |||
Coronary artery involvement (% ) | < 1% | 10–30% | < 5% | 20–30% | < 20% | < 20% | < 20% | < 0.5% | < 10% |
Main angiography features | stenosis | Diffuse, stenosis, occlusion | stenosis | aneurysm, thrombosis | stenosis, occlusion, aneurysm | stenosis, occlusion | stenosis, occlusion | aneurysm, stenosis | stenosis |
Histology feature | Thrombus including neutrophils and giant cells occludes the vessel lumen but spares the wall. | Transmural mononuclear cell infiltrate with fragmentation of internal elastic lamina, and granulomatous arteritis | Lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate, epithelioid macrophages, giant cells, elastic fragmentation | Lymphohistiocytic inflammatory infiltrate leading to destruction of the internal elastic lamina and necrosis | Panarteritis with fibrinoid necrosis and polymorphous inflammatory infiltrate | Necrotizing granulomatous inflammation without eosinophils | Necrotizing granulomatous inflammation with eosinophils | Endothelial damage and wall disruption cause red blood cell leakage, fibrinoid necrosis with thrombosis, and neutrophil-dominated inflammation in vessels and surrounding tissue. | Lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate, IgG4+ plasma cells, storiform fibrosis |