Table 1 Characteristics of the included studies
Study | Country | Design | Period time | Surgery | PAC insertion | Sample size (n) | Major findings (PAC vs no-PAC) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Settings | Timing | PAC | no-PAC | Mortality | Morbidities | MVD | ICU LOS | Hospital LOS | Cost | |||||
Schultz 1985 | US | RCT | ? | Hip surgery | ICU | Pre-op | 35 | 35 | ↓ | (−) | ? | ? | ? | ? |
Isaacson 1990 | US | RCT | (1987.1–1989.1) | Abdominal aortic surgery | OR | Intra-op | 49 | 53 | (−) | (−) | (−) | (−) | (−) | (−) |
Shoemaker 1990 | US | RCT | (1983.5–1984.5) | Major non-cardiac surgery | ICU | Pre-op | 30 | 28 | ↓ | ③(−), ④⑤↓ | ? | ↓ | ? | ↓ |
Berlauk 1991 | US | RCT | (1986.10–1990.1) | Lower limb revascularization | ICU | Pre-op | 66 | 21 | (−) | %1 ↓ | ? | (−) | (−) | (−) |
Bender 1997 | US | RCT | (1992.4–1995.5) | Lower limb revascularization, AAS | ICU | Pre-op | 51 | 53 | (−) | ①③(-) | ? | (−) | ? | (-) |
Valentine 1998 | US | RCT | (1994.3–1997.3) | Abdominal aortic surgery | ICU | Pre-op | 60 | 60 | (−) | ①②③④(−) | ? | (−) | (−) | ? |
Wilson 1999 | UK | RCT | ? | Major non-cardiac surgery | ICU | Pre-op | 92 | 46 | ↓ | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? |
Polanczyk 2001 | US | Cohort | (1989.7–1994.2) | Major non-cardiac surgery | ? | ? | 215 | 215 | ①②③④↑ | ? | ? | ? | ? | |
Bonazzi 2002 | Italy | RCT | (1996.4–2000.4) | Abdominal aortic surgery | ICU | Pre-op | 50 | 50 | (−) | ①④(-) | ? | ? | (−) | ? |
Sandham 2003 | Canada | RCT | (1990.3–1999.7) | Major non-cardiac surgery | ? | ? | 997 | 997 | (−) | ↑ | ? | ? | (−) | ? |
Hofer 2020 | US | Cohort | (2015.1–2018.4) | Liver transplantation | ? | ? | 200 | 38 | ↑ | ④↑ | (−) | (−) | ↓ | ? |
Moore 1978 | US | Cohort | (1976–1977) | On-pump CABG | OR | Intra-op | 28 | 20 | ↓ | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? |
Pearson 1989 | US | RCT | (9 months) | Cardiac surgery | ? | ? | 28 | 86 | (−) | (−) | (−) | (−) | ? | ↑ |
Tuman 1989 | US | Cohort | ? | On-pump CABG | OR | Intra-op | 537 | 557 | (−) | ①②③④(-) | (−) | ? | ||
Stewart 1998 | US | Cohort | (1996.4–1996.10) | On-pump CABG | ? | ? | 61 | 133 | (−) | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ |
Ramsey 2000 | US | Cohort | (1997.1–1997.12) | Off-pump CABG | ? | ? | 8,064 | 5,843 | ↑ | ? | ? | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ |
Schwann 2002 | US | Cohort | (1994–1998) | On-pump CABG | ? | ? | 242 | 2,443 | ? | ↓ | ? | ? | ? | ? |
Djaiani 2006 | Canada | Cohort | ? | On-pump CABG | OR | Intra-op | 46 | 154 | (−) | ②④(−) | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ | ? |
Resano 2006 | US | Cohort | (2000.1–2003.12) | Off-pump CABG | ? | ? | 1,617 | 743 | (-) | ①②④(−) | (−) | (−) | (−) | ? |
Schwann 2011 | US | Cohort | (1996.12–2000.6) | On-pump CABG | ? | ? | 1,273 | 1,273 | ↑ | ①②④↑ | ↑ | ↑ | ? | ? |
Chiang 2015 | US | Cohort | (2000.1–2010.12) | Cardiac surgery | ? | ? | 1,605,697 | 412,640 | ↑ | ? | ↑ | ↑ | ? | (-) |
Xu 2015 | China | Cohort | (2012.6–2012.12) | On and off-pump CABG | OR | Intra-op | 424 | 424 | (−) | ①②④⑤(-) | ? | ? | ? | ↑ |
Brovman 2016 | US | Cohort | (2010.1–2014.12) | Cardiac surgery | OR | Intra-op | 40,036 | 76,297 | (−) | ⑥↓ | ? | ? | ? | ? |
Shaw 2018 | US | Cohort | (2011.1–2015.6) | Cardiac surgery | ? | ? | 3,422 | 3,422 | (−) | ①③↓, ④⑤↑ | ? | ? | ↓ | ? |
Pasquier 2020 | France | Cohort | (2012–2019) | Bentall procedure | ? | ? | 59 | 75 | (−) | ①②↑, ③(-) | ? | ↑ | ↑ | ? |
Brown 2022 | US | Cohort | (2010–2018) | On-pump CABG, VS | ? | ? | 3,519 | 3,519 | (−) | ②④⑤(−), ⑥↑ | ? | ↑ | ? | ? |